DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.20322

Areca Catechu Biochar and Nano-Biochar as Adsorbents for Congo Red: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation

1Master of Materials Science, Graduate Program, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, 30662, Indonesia

3National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan, 15311, Indonesia

Received: 24 Dec 2024; Revised: 7 Feb 2025; Accepted: 10 Feb 2025; Available online: 19 Feb 2025; Published: 30 Apr 2025.
Editor(s): Istadi Istadi
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Abstract

The presence of hazardous synthetic dyes such as Congo Red in industrial wastewater poses a significant environmental threat. This study explores the potential of biochar (BC) and nano-biochar (nano-BC), derived from Areca catechu husk as sustainable adsorbents for dye removal. Nano-BC was synthesised via hydrothermal carbonisation and mechanical ball milling, leading to enhanced structural and surface properties. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed that the Pinang husk is predominantly amorphous, while BC exhibits increased crystallinity with sharp peaks, and nano-BC demonstrates the highest crystallinity and nanostructural refinement. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) confirmed the transformation of aliphatic-rich raw biomass into aromatic-dominant structures in BC and nano-BC, with nano-BC showing more pronounced graphite-like features. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) illustrated the morphological evolution, with nano-BC exhibiting refined, uniformly porous structures. BET analysis revealed that nano-BC has a significantly higher surface area 41.38 m²/g and smaller pore size 8.4928 nm compared to BC 22.38 m²/g and 15.39 nm, enhancing adsorption capacity. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, and isothermal analysis confirmed monolayer adsorption with the highest maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax = 154.526 mg/g). These findings highlight the superior adsorption performance of nano-BC, emphasising its potential for environmentally friendly water treatment applications. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Keywords: Nano-biochar; Congo red; Adsorption, Wastewater Treatment
Funding: Univeristas Sriwijaya under contract SATEKS Unsri grant, number 0012/UN9/SK.LP2M.PT/2024

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