DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.20441

Strategic Synthesis of Hierarchical Co3O4/ZSM-5 Zeolite as A Catalyst in Partial Oxidation of Methane: Bottom-up vs Top-down Methods

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia

2Solid Inorganic Framework Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia

Received: 12 Jul 2025; Revised: 30 Jul 2025; Accepted: 31 Jul 2025; Available online: 18 Aug 2025; Published: 31 Oct 2025.
Editor(s): Istadi Istadi
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Abstract

Methane, a potent greenhouse gas contributing approximately 19% to global warming and possessing a global warming potential 28 times greater than carbon dioxide, necessitates conversion into more beneficial chemicals. Partial oxidation of methane to methanol is a promising conversion method which is both time- and cost-efficient. This study synthesized ZSM-5 using two strategic syntheses: Bottom-Up and Top-Down, followed by cobalt oxide impregnation at varying percentages 2.5, 5, and 10% (w/w) to produce Co3O4/ZSM-5. To investigate its physicochemical properties, ZSM-5 catalysts were thoroughly characterized with XRD, FTIR, XRF, N2-physisorption, and SEM. These catalysts were then evaluated in methane partial oxidation reactions conducted in a batch reactor, with a CH4:N2 feed ratio of 0.75 bar:2 bar, at 150 °C for 60 minutes. Co3O4-supported Bottom-Up ZSM-5 with 5% Co-loading demonstrated the largest percentage yield of 62.08% compared to the other Co-loading amount and ZSM-5 synthesized via Top-Down method. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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Keywords: Hierarchical ZSM-5; Co3O4; Bottom-up; Top-down; Partial Oxidation of Methane
Funding: Pendidikan Magister menuju Doktor untuk Sarjana Unggul (PMDSU) under contract NKB-798/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2024; Beasiswa Peningkatan Kualitas Publikasi Internasional under contract 165.31/E4.4/KU/2023

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Section: Original Research Articles
Language : EN
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