DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/jcerp.20712

Process Optimization for Conversion Rate in NO Oxidation to NO2 over Co3O4 Catalyst

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia

Received: 18 Apr 2026; Revised: 29 Apr 2026; Accepted: 30 Apr 2026; Available online: 3 Jul 2026; Published: 26 Dec 2026.
Editor(s): Istadi Istadi
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Fulltext View|Download

Citation Format:
Cover Image
Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the effect of flow rate and temperature variation on heat transfer performance in a heat exchange system. The analysis was conducted under steady-state conditions by examining key parameters, including heat transfer rate (Q), overall heat transfer coefficient (U), and logarithmic mean temperature difference (ΔTLMTD). In addition, dimensionless numbers such as Reynolds, Nusselt, and Prandtl were used to characterize the flow regime and convective heat transfer behavior under different operating conditions. The evaluation was carried out by analyzing the relationship between these parameters to understand the influence of operating variables on heat transfer characteristics. The results indicate that an increase in flow rate leads to improved heat transfer performance, as shown by higher values of U and enhanced convective heat transfer coefficients on both hot and cold fluid sides. This behavior is associated with increased turbulence intensity and a reduction in thermal boundary layer thickness, which promotes more effective heat transfer. However, deviations between theoretical and calculated values were observed, particularly on the cold fluid side. These deviations are influenced by changes in fluid properties, especially viscosity and thermal conductivity, which affect the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. In general, the increase in flow rate results in higher Reynolds and Nusselt numbers, although a decrease in the Prandtl number was observed due to a more significant reduction in viscosity compared to thermal conductivity. Furthermore, increasing the inlet temperature of the hot fluid leads to a greater temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids, resulting in a higher logarithmic mean temperature difference (ΔTLMTD). Despite this increase, the overall heat transfer coefficient does not always show a proportional improvement, indicating the presence of non-ideal effects such as thermal resistance and possible fouling within the system. These findings demonstrate that heat transfer performance is influenced by the combined effects of flow rate, temperature variation, and fluid properties, and highlight the importance of considering these factors in evaluating and optimizing heat exchange processes. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Keywords: Process Optimization; NO Oxidation; NO2 production; Co3O4 Catalyst

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
The Application of Transition Metal Nitride Catalyst in the HDO Reaction of Lignin and Its Model Compounds Elemental Sulfur as a Catalyst Precursor for Gas-Liquid Heterogeneous Chlorination of Acetic Acid: Kinetics and Optimization for Enhanced Monochloroacetic Acid Selectivity and Productivity Effect of Temperature and Pressure Variation on CO₂ Methanation Performance in a PFR Reactor Using Ni/Al₂O₃ Catalyst Process Optimization for Conversion Rate in NO Oxidation to NO2 over Co3O4 Catalyst More recent articles
  1. Martín-Martín, J.A., Aranzabal, A., Finocchio, E., González-Marcos, M.P., González-Velasco, J.R. (2025). Reaction pathway of NOX reduction on a MnOX-CeO2 catalyst: An in-situ FTIR study. Catalysis Today, 455, 115309. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115309
  2. Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Hou, X., Lian, D., Chen, L., He, C., Zhang, J. (2025). Ligand-tailored Co-O bond strength in MOF-derived Co₃O₄ for boosting NO oxidation. Separation and Purification Technology, 358, Part A, 130315. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.130315
  3. Haydary, J. (2019). Chemical process design and simulation: Aspen Plus and Aspen Hysys applications. John Wiley & Sons
  4. Hong, Z., Wang, Z., Li, X. (2017). Catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) over different catalysts: an overview. Catalysis Science & Technology, 7(16), 3440-3452. DOI: 10.1039/C7CY00760D
  5. Liu, Y., Gao, F., Yi, H., Yang, C., Zhang, R., Zhou, Y., Tang, X. (2021). Recent advances in selective catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide (NO-SCO) in emissions with excess oxygen: a review on catalysts and mechanisms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(3), 2549-2571. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11253-6
  6. Inayat, A., Rocha-Meneses, L., Ayoub, M., Ullah, S., Abdullah, A.Z., Naqvi, S.R., Bhat, A. H. (2023). Influence of Co3O4-based catalysts on N2O catalytic decomposition and NO conversion. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(28), 72224-72235. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27371-w
  7. Ayoub, M., Faisal Irfan, M., Zuhairi Abdullah, A. (2012). A study of no conversion into No2 and N2O over Co3O4 catalyst. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 31(4), 553-557. DOI: 10.1002/ep.10577
  8. Enger, B.C., Auvray, X., Lødeng, R., Menon, M., Waller, D., Rønning, M. (2018). Catalytic oxidation of NO to NO2 for nitric acid production over a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. Applied Catalysis A: General, 564, 142-146. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2018.07.019
  9. Zeng, X., Huo, X., Zhu, T., Hong, X., Sun, Y. (2016). Catalytic oxidation of NO over MnOx–CeO2 and MnOx–TiO2 catalysts. Molecules, 21(11), 1491. DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111491
  10. Liu, Y., Gao, F., Yi, H., Yang, C., Zhang, R., Zhou, Y., Tang, X. (2021). Recent advances in selective catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide (NO-SCO) in emissions with excess oxygen: a review on catalysts and mechanisms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(3), 2549-2571. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11253-6
  11. Zhao, Y., Wei, F., Zhang, Y., Yu, Y. (2008). Mechanism and kinetics of NO oxidation over Pt/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering-China, 59(5), 1156. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.02.050
  12. Fogler, H.S. (1999). Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering. Pearson Educacion
  13. Baruah, S.D., Deka, R.C. (2024). Termolecular Eley–Rideal pathway for catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide on [Pt₂]⁰,± dimers using O₂. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 124(10), e27390. DOI: 10.1002/qua.27390
  14. Qian, X., Lee, S.W., Yang, Y. (2021). Heat transfer coefficient estimation and performance evaluation of shell and tube heat exchanger using flue gas. Processes, 9(6), 939. DOI: 10.3390/pr9060939
  15. Liu, Y., He, H., Yu, Y. (2021). Recent advances in selective catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide (NO-SCO). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 2549–2571. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11590-3
  16. Levenspiel, O. (2019). Chemical reaction engineering (3rd ed.). Wiley
  17. Aslam, R., Usman, M.R., Irfan, M.F. (2016). A comparative study of LHHW and ER kinetic models for NO oxidation over Co3O4 catalyst. Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 4(3), 2871-2877. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.05.035
  18. George, G.R., Yonge, A., Crowley, M.F., To, A.T., Ciesielski, P.N., Karakaya, C. (2025). Multiscale characterization, modeling and simulation of packed bed reactor for direct conversion of syngas to dimethyl ether. RSC Sustainability, 3(2), 856-874. DOI: 10.1039/d4su00602j
  19. Inayat, A., Rocha-Meneses, L., Ayoub, M., Ullah, S., Abdullah, A.Z., Naqvi, S.R., Bhat, A.H. (2023). Influence of Co₃O₄-based catalysts on N₂O catalytic decomposition and NO conversion. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(28), 72224–72235. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27049-4
  20. Fogler, H.S. (1999). Elements of chemical reaction engineering. Pearson Education

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.