DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.20627

Modification Strategies of Copper Molybdate-based Photocatalysts for Degradation of Organic Compounds in Wastewater: A Mini Review

1Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

2Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia

3Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

4 Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam

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Received: 6 Jan 2026; Revised: 14 Jan 2026; Accepted: 15 Jan 2026; Available online: 30 Jan 2026; Published: 30 Aug 2026.
Editor(s): Istadi Istadi
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Abstract

Visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable tertiary‐treatment option. Within this arena, copper molybdate (CuMoO4) is attractive because of its narrow bandgap enables direct solar harvesting while relying on earth-abundant elements. Yet pristine CuMoO4 suffers from low surface area (< 10 m2g-1), rapid electron-hole recombination and Cu2+ photocorrosion, which curb quantum yields and raise secondary-pollution concerns. This mini review critically synthesizes research published between 2019 and 2025 on strategies devised to surmount these limitations. Four major areas are surveyed: (i) morphology engineering that multiplies active-site density and deepens light scattering; (ii) plasmonic or single-atom noble-metal decoration that extends spectral response and accelerates interfacial charge separation via localized surface plasmon resonance; (iii) band-gap and defect modulation through doping or oxygen-vacancy creation, narrowing band gap and introducing long-lived trapping states and (iv) construction of p-n heterojunctions (e.g., ZnO/CuMoO4, graphitic carbon nitride/copper molybdate (g-C3N4/CuMoO4) that yield order-of-magnitude rate enhancements by spatially separating redox half-reactions. The synthesis approaches, from hydrothermal and co-precipitation to thermal-decomposition and solid-state reactions directly influence crystallinity, morphology and defect chemistry, with optimal hydrothermal conditions (180 oC, 10 h) producing high-purity α-CuMoO4 microspheres and oxygen-vacancy-rich Cu-rich phases delivering up to a 0.5 eV bandgap reduction. Emphasis is placed on correlating structural descriptors with pollutant-mineralization kinetics and on emerging green-synthesis trends. Remaining challenges and research priorities including stability against Cu leaching, scalable fabrication and in-situ mechanistic probes are highlighted to guide future catalyst design.

Keywords: Visible-light Photocatalysis; Copper Molybdate; Morphology Engineering; Defect Modulation; p-n Heterojunctions.
Funding: internal grant of UMPSA (RDU230393) V Sustainable Research Collaboration Grant UMPSA- International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) (RDU223223) under contract Tabung Persidangan Dalam Negara (TPDN) via Jabatan Penyelidikan dan Inovasi of UMPSA

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Section: 3rd International Symposium of Reaction Engineering, Catalysis and Sustainable Energy 2025 (RECASE 2025)
Language : EN
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