DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.20513

Green-Modified Ni/Al LDH with Camellia sinensis Bioactives: A Sustainable Strategy for Ceftriaxone Removal

1Doctoral Program of Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia

2Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia

3Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sriwijaya, Ogan ilir, 30862, Indonesia

4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Ogan ilir, 30862, Indonesia

5 Magister Program of Materials Science, Graduate School Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, 30139, Indonesia

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Received: 14 Oct 2025; Revised: 5 Dec 2025; Accepted: 6 Dec 2025; Available online: 15 Dec 2025; Published: 30 Apr 2026.
Editor(s): Istadi Istadi
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Abstract

Ceftriaxone (CEF) is a β-lactam antibiotic widely used in the medical field to treat various bacterial infections in both humans and animals. The high usage of CEF has the potential to cause environmental pollution and antimicrobial resistance, necessitating effective treatment methods. In this study, the adsorption method is proposed using Ni/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) and Camellia sinensis extract-modified material (Ni/Al-CSe) as a sustainable bio-modification approach. The results show the optimal adsorption pH for Ni/Al LDH is 3 and for Ni/Al-CSe is 5, with the adsorption isotherms following the Freundlich model and the kinetics conforming to pseudo-first order (PFO). The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) significantly increased from 28.818 mg.g-1 (Ni/Al LDH) to 111.111 mg.g-1 (Ni/Al-CSe). Thermodynamic analysis revealed that adsorption on both materials proceeds spontaneously, while the consistently more negative ΔG values and predominantly exothermic behavior of Ni/Al-CSe confirm its superior thermodynamic favorability associated with more specific surface interactions. Regeneration tests up to four cycles showed that Ni/Al-CSe was more stable than Ni/Al LDH. Overall, modifying Ni/Al LDH with Camellia sinensis extract was proven to enhance adsorption capacity, spontaneity, and stability, providing an effective and environmentally friendly solution for antibiotic treatment. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Keywords: Ni/Al LDH; Camellia sinensis; Composite; Adsorption; Ceftriaxone

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