DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.17.3.15290.661-682

Silicate Scaling Formation: Impact of pH in High-Temperature Reservoir and Its Characterization Study

1School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

2Flow Assurance and Scale Team (FAST), Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, UK EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

3School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society (EGIS), Heriot-Watt University, UK EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

Received: 23 Jul 2022; Revised: 12 Sep 2022; Accepted: 12 Sep 2022; Available online: 21 Sep 2022; Published: 30 Sep 2022.
Editor(s): Istadi Istadi
Open Access Copyright (c) 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Fulltext View|Download

Citation Format:
Cover Image
Abstract

Silicate scaling tends to form and be aggravated during high pH Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) floods and this silicate scale deposition affects oil production. Hence, it is important to examine the conditions that lead to silicate scale forming. The severity of the silicate scaling reaction, the type and morphology of silica/silicate scale formed in an experimental ASP flood were studied for pH values 5, 8.5, and 11, whilst the temperature was kept constant at 90 ℃. In addition, the impact of calcium ion was studied and spectroscopic analyses were used to identify the extent of scaling reaction, morphology type and the functional group present in the precipitates. This was performed using imagery of the generated precipitates. It was observed that the silica/silicate scale is most severe at the highest pH and Ca:Mg molar ratios examined. Magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide were observed to precipitate along with the silica and Mg-silicate/Ca-silicate scale at pH 11. The presence of calcium ions altered the morphology of the precipitates formed from amorphous to microcrystalline/crystalline. In conclusion, pH affects the type, morphology, and severity of the silica/silicate scale produced in the studied scaling system. The comprehensive and conclusive data showing how pH affects the silicate scaling reaction reported here are vital in providing the foundation to further investigate the management and prevention of this silicate scaling. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

Keywords: Silicate scale; Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Flooding (ASP); Amorphous silica scale; Metal silicates; Scale Morphology Maximum
Funding: Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) under contract Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (UiTM reference no: 600-IRMI/FRGS 5/3 (411/2019) & MyGrant reference code: FRGS/1/2019/TK07/UITM/02/10)

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Insights into the Titania (TiO2) Photocatalysis on the Removal of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Water Nickel Supported Parangtritis Beach Sand (PP) Catalyst for Hydrocracking of Palm and Malapari Oil into Biofuel Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green by NiAl-LDH Intercalated Polyoxometalate Compound Thermodynamic Study of One-step Production from Isobutene to Methyl Methacrylate Backmatter (Publication Ethics, Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing Form) Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents) More recent articles
  1. Kumar, A., Mandal, A. (2017). Synthesis and Physiochemical Characterization of Zwitterionic Surfactant for Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 243, 61–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.08.032
  2. Wu, F., Hou, J., Wang, Z., Ma, Y., Wang, D. (2018). An Enhanced Oil Recovery Technique by Targeted Delivery ASP Flooding. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 45(2), 321–327. DOI: 10.1016/S1876-3804(18)30035-1
  3. Saha, R., Uppaluri, R.V.S., Tiwari, P. (2018). Influence of Emulsification, Interfacial Tension, Wettability Alteration and Saponification on Residual Oil Recovery by Alkali Flooding. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 59, 286–296. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.10.034
  4. Wu, Y., Chen, W., Dai, C., Huang, Y., Li, H., Zhao, M., He, L., Jiao, B. (2017). Reducing Surfactant Adsorption on Rock by Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 153, 283–287. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2017.04.015
  5. Al-Hajri, S., Mahmood, S.M., Abdulelah, H., Akbari, S. (2018). An Overview on Polymer Retention in Porous Media. Energies, 11(10), 2751–2769. DOI: 10.3390/en11102751
  6. Gbadamosi, A.O., Junin, R., Manan, M.A., Agi, A., Yusuff, A.S. (2019). An Overview of Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery: Recent Advances and Prospects. International Nano Letters, 9(3), 171–202. DOI: 10.1007/s40089-019-0272-8
  7. Jiecheng, C., Wanfu, Z., Yusheng, Z., Guangtian, X., Chengfeng, R., Zhangang, P., Wenguang, B., Zongyu, Z., Xin, W., Hairong, F., Qingguo, W., Xianxiao, K., Lei, S. (2011). Scaling Principle and Scaling Prediction in ASP Flooding Producers in Daqing Oilfield. In: SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Conference. Kuala Lumpur: Society of Petroleum Engineer, pp. 19–21. DOI: 10.2118/144826-MS
  8. Umar, A.A., Saaid, I.B.M. (2013). Silicate Scales Formation during ASP Flooding: A Review. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 6(9), 1543–1555. DOI: 10.19026/rjaset.6.3867
  9. Guo, H., Li, Y., Wang, F., Yu, Z., Chen, Z., Wang, Y., Gao, X. (2017). ASP Flooding: Theory and Practice Progress in China. Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 8509563. DOI: 10.1155/2017/8509563
  10. Brown, K. (2011). Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Silica Scaling. In: Proceedings International Workshop on Mineral Scaling. Manila
  11. Fournier, R.O., Rowe, J.J. (1977). The Solubility of Amorphous Silica in Water at High Temperatures and High Pressures. American Mineralogist, 62(9–10), 1052–1056
  12. Helgeson, H.C. (1969). Thermodynamics of Hydrothermal Systems at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures. American Journal of Science, 267(7), 729–804. DOI: 10.2475/ajs.267.7.729
  13. Henley, R.W. (1983). pH and Silica Scaling Control in Geothermal Field Development. Geothermics, 12(4), 307–321. DOI: 10.1016/0375-6505(83)90004-4
  14. van den Heuvel, D.B., Gunnlaugsson, E., Gunnarsson, I., Stawski, T.M., Peacock, C.L., Benning, L.G. (2018). Understanding Amorphous Silica Scaling Under Well-Constrained Conditions inside Geothermal Pipelines. Geothermics, 76(2018), 231–241. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.07.006
  15. Mahat, S.Q.A., Saaid, I.M., Lal, B. (2016). Green Silica Scale Inhibitors for Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding: A Review. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 6(3), 379–385. DOI: 10.1007/s13202-015-0187-5
  16. Meyers, P. (1999). Behavior of Silica in Ion Exchange and Other Systems. In: The International Water Conference: 60th Annual Meeting. Pittsburgh:, pp. 492–501
  17. Qing, J., Bin, Z., Ronglan, Z., Zhongxi, C., Zhou, Y. (2002). Development and Application of a Silicate Scale Inhibitor for ASP Flooding Production Scale. In: International Symposium Oilfield Scale. Aberdeen: United Kingdom, January 2002. DOI: 10.2118/74675-ms
  18. Fleming, B.A., Crerari, D.A. (1982). Silicic Acid Ionization and Calculation of Silica Solubility at Elevated Temperature and pH Application to Geothermal Fluid Processing and Reinjection. Geothermics, 11(1), 15–29. DOI: 10.1016/0375-6505(82)90004-9
  19. Kashpura, V.N., Potapov, V.V. (2000). Study of the Amorphous Silica Scales Formation at the Mutnovskoe Hydrothermal Field (Russia). In: PROCEEDINGS, Twenty-Fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. California
  20. Lu, H., Brooks, J., Legan, R., Fritz, S. (2018). Novel Laboratory Test Method and Field Applications for Silica/Silicate and Other Problematic Scale Control. In: SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition. Aberdeen. DOI: 10.2118/190705-MS
  21. Wang, W., Wei, W. (2016). Silica and Silicate Scale Formation and Control: Scale Modeling, Lab Testing, Scale Characterization, and Field Observation. In: SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition. Aberdeen: SPE. DOI: 10.2118/179897-MS
  22. Sazali, R.A. (2018). The Development of A Test Methodology and New Findings in Silicate Scale Formation and Inhibition. PhD Thesis, Institute of Petroleum Engineering School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure & Society, Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom
  23. Sazali, R.A., Sorbie, K.S., Boak, L.S. (2015). The Effect of pH on Silicate Scaling. In: SPE - European Formation Damage Conference, Proceedings, EFDC. Budapest: Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), pp. 316–328. DOI: 10.2118/174193-ms
  24. Cowan, J.C., Weintritt, D.J. (1976). Water Formed Scale Deposits. In: Gulf Publishing Company. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Water+Formed+Scale+Deposits+Cowan%2C+J.+C.+and+Weintritt%2C+D.+J.+%28Eds.%29.+&btnG=. Accessed 9 Sep 2022
  25. Iler, R.K. (1979). The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties, and Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons
  26. MacAdam, J., Jarvis, P. (2015). Water-Formed Scales and Deposits: Types, Characteristics, and Relevant Industries. In: Mineral Scales and Deposits: Scientific and Technological Approaches. Elsevier Inc., pp. 3–23. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63228-9.00001-2
  27. Hauksson, T., Thorhallsson, S., Gunnlaugsson, E., Albertsson, A. (1995). Control of Magnesium Silicate Scaling in District Heating Systems. In: World Geothermal Congress. Florence:, pp. 2487–2490
  28. Li, C., Zhang, C., Zhang, W. (2019). The Inhibition Effect Mechanisms of Four Scale Inhibitors on the Formation and Crystal Growth of CaCO3 in Solution. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 13366. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50012-7
  29. el Nahrawy, A.M., Abou Hammad, A.B., Turky, G., Elnasharty, M.M.M., Youssef, A.M. (2015). Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Chitosan-Calcium Silicate Nanocomposite Prepared Using Sol-Gel Method. International Journal of Advancement in Engineering, Technology and Computer Sciences, 2(1), 9–14
  30. Joni, I.M., Nulhakim, L., Vanitha, M., Panatarani, C. (2018). Characteristics of Crystalline Silica (SiO2) Particles Prepared by Simple Solution Method Using Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) Precursor. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1080(1), 012006. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1080/1/012006
  31. Musić, S., Filipović-Vinceković, N., Sekovanić, L. (2011). Precipitation of Amorphous SiO2 Particles and Their Properties. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28(01), 89–94. DOI: 10.1590/S0104-66322011000100011
  32. Alexander, G.B., Heston, W.M., Iler, R.K. (1954). The Solubility of Amorphous Silica in Water. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 58(6), 453–455. DOI: 10.1021/j150516a002
  33. Osswald, J., Fehr, K.T. (2006). FTIR Spectroscopic Study on Liquid Silica Solutions and Nanoscale Particle Size Determination. Journal of Materials Science, 41(5), 1335–1339. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-006-7327-8
  34. Oh, T., Choi, C.K. (2010). Comparison Between SiOC Thin Films Fabricated by Using Plasma Enhance Chemical Vapor Deposition and SiO2 Thin Films by Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 56(4), 1150–1155. DOI: 10.3938/jkps.56.1150
  35. Rashid, I., Daraghmeh, N.H., al Omari, M.M., Chowdhry, B.Z., Leharne, S.A., Hodali, H.A., Badwan, A.A. (2011). Magnesium Silicate. In: Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology. Academic Press Inc., pp. 241–285. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387667-6.00007-5
  36. Jäger, C., Dorschner, J., Mutschke, H., Posch, T., Henning, T. (2003). Steps Toward Interstellar Silicate Mineralogy. VII. Spectral Properties and Crystallization Behaviour of Magnesium Silicates Produced by the Sol-Gel Method. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 408(1), 193–204. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20030916
  37. Hofmeister, A.M., Bowey, J.E. (2006). Quantitative Infrared Spectra of Hydrosilicates and Related Minerals. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 367(2), 577–591. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.09894.x
  38. Jiang, W., Hua, X., Han, Q., Yang, X., Lu, L., Wang, X. (2009). Preparation of Lamellar Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles via Precipitation Method. Powder Technology, 191(3), 227–230. DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2008.10.023
  39. Choudhary, R., Koppala, S., Swamiappan, S. (2015). Bioactivity Studies of Calcium Magnesium Silicate Prepared From Eggshell Waste by Sol-gel Combustion Synthesis. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 3(2), 173–177. DOI: 10.1016/j.jascer.2015.01.002
  40. Galván-Ruiz, M., Hernández, J., Baños, L., Noriega-Montes, J., Rodríguez-García, M.E. (2009). Characterization of Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Oxide, and Calcium Hydroxide as Starting Point to the Improvement of Lime for Their Use in Construction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 21(11), 694–698. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:11(694)
  41. Husain, S., Permitaria, A., Haryanti, N.H., Suryajaya, S. (2019). Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Silicate From Rice Husk Ash and Snail Shell. Jurnal Neutrino: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya, 11(2), 45–51. DOI: 10.18860/neu.v11i2.6608
  42. Sazali, R.A., Ramli, N.S., Sorbie, K.S., Boak, L.S. (2021). Impacts of Temperature on the Silicate Scale Morphologies Studies and Severity. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technology, 12(9), 1–16. DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2021.186

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.