DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/jcerp.20745

Response Surface Optimization of Setting Time and Compressive Strength of a Clay–Bauxite Geopolymer Binder for Oil-Well Cementing

1Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuhraya Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

2Faculty of Medicine, Widad University College, BIM Point, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Received: 18 May 2026; Revised: 1 Aug 2026; Accepted: 3 Aug 2026; Available online: 5 Aug 2026; Published: 26 Dec 2026.
Editor(s): Istadi Istadi
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Abstract

The development of sustainable cement alternatives has intensified interest in alkali‐activated binders formulated from abundant clay minerals. In this study, a clay-based geopolymer binder was synthesized and optimized by investigating the combined influence of activated clay loading (10-100 g), bauxite loading (0-150 g), alkaline activator dosage (0-3 g), and curing temperature (90-150 °C) on its setting time and compressive strength. A Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to model the responses and determine optimal processing conditions. The experimental results revealed that both responses were significantly influenced by the synergy between the activator dosage and raw material loading. Increasing activated clay and bauxite content accelerated geopolymerization, leading to shortened setting time, whereas excessive activator addition resulted in delayed matrix hardening due to excess soluble silicate–aluminate species. Compressive strength increased with increasing precursor loading up to a threshold level, beyond which incomplete dissolution restricted polycondensation. Regression analysis demonstrated excellent agreement between predicted and experimental values, with no transformation required, as confirmed by Box–Cox analysis. The normality and independence of residuals were verified through residual plots against predicted values and experimental runs. Optimization using a desirability function achieved a setting time of 6 h and compressive strength of 40.44 MPa at optimal conditions of activated clay (55 g), bauxite (75 g), activator dosage (1.5 g), and curing temperature (120 °C), with a global desirability of 1.000. These results confirm RSM as an effective statistical tool for tailoring the performance of clay-based geopolymers, offering a promising pathway for developing high-strength, fast-setting, sustainable binders. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Keywords: Clay-based geopolymer; Response Surface Methodology (RSM); Setting time optimization; Compressive strength; Central Composite Design (CCD)
Funding: Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA) under contract FRGS Grant Number (RDU220376).

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Section: Original Research Articles
Language : EN
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