DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.20841

The Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Structural Characteristics, Particle Size, and Photocatalytic Properties of BaTiO3 and Ba0.97Sr0.03TiO3 Nanomaterials

1Department of Physics, Faculty of science and Technology, Institute of Technology and Science Nahdlatul Ulama Pekalongan, Pekalongan 51173, Indonesia

2Department of Electrical Engineering, Sekolah Tinggi Teknik Wiworotomo, Purwokerto, Indonesia

3Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia

Received: 7 Sep 2026; Revised: 22 Oct 2026; Accepted: 23 Oct 2026; Available online: 30 Oct 2026; Published: 30 Apr 2027.
Editor(s): Bunjerd Jongsomjit
Open Access Copyright (c) 2027 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Abstract

BaTiO3 and Ba0.97Sr0.03TiO3 nanomaterials were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and sintered at 900 °C and 1000 °C for 4 hours. This study investigates the effect of 3 mol% Sr substitution and sintering temperature on the crystal structure, functional groups, particle-size distribution, and photocatalytic performance toward methylene blue (MB) degradation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed tetragonal perovskite BaTiO3 with weak secondary reflections, more numerous in the Sr-containing samples, and no resolved shift of the (101) reflection after Sr substitution. The crystallite size estimated from XRD was 30-33 nm (Scherrer plot) and 37-46 nm (unsplit (111) reflection), whereas dynamic light scattering (DLS) gave Z-average hydrodynamic diameters of about 250-440 nm, indicating agglomeration of the crystallites; the Sr-containing powder was smaller only at 900 °C. FTIR spectra showed the characteristic Ti-O (Ba-Ti-O) stretching band at 565-576 cm-1. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated using 10 ppm MB solution under UV irradiation. The apparent MB removal, calculated from the absorbance at 664 nm, was ≈34% and ≈24% for Ba0.97Sr0.03TiO3 sintered at 900 °C and 1000 °C, compared with ≈28% and ≈0% for undoped BaTiO3; thus Sr substitution increased, and the higher sintering temperature decreased, the apparent removal. The origin of this behavior was not directly characterized and requires further study. Copyright © 2027 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Keywords: Barium titanate; Strontium doping; Co-precipitation; Sintering temperature; Photocatalyst; Methylene blue
Funding: Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia under contract 158/E5/PG.02.00.PT/2022

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Section: Original Research Articles
Language : EN
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