DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.20784

Synthesis of CuZnFe-LDH for Peroxymonosulfate Activation toward Reactive Blue 19 Degradation and Application in Real Textile Wastewater Treatment

1Institute for Environment and Resources, 142 To Hien Thanh St., Dien Hong Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

2Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vo Truong Toan St., Linh Xuan Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

3Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet St., Dien Hong Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

4 Gunzetal (Vietnam) Limited, No. 20, Road No. 32, Vietnam Singapore Industrial Park II-A (VSIP II-A), Vinh Tan Ward, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

View all affiliations
Received: 29 Jun 2026; Revised: 1 Oct 2026; Accepted: 2 Oct 2026; Available online: 7 Oct 2026; Published: 26 Dec 2026.
Editor(s): Istadi Istadi
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Fulltext View|Download

Citation Format:
Cover Image
Abstract

In this study, CuZnFe-LDH was synthesized by a solvothermal method using analytical-grade chemicals and applied as a catalyst for PMS activation to degrade Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) in water. Material characteristics related to surface morphology, elemental composition, crystal structure, functional groups, specific surface area, and surface chemical states were analyzed using SEM/EDX, XRD, FT-IR, BET, and XPS techniques. Specifically, the specific surface area of CuZnFe-LDH, determined from N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, was 49.53 m2/g, with a pore volume of 0.093 cm3/g and an average pore diameter of 7.55 nm. The effects of PMS dosage, catalyst dosage, RB19 concentration, pH, and inorganic anions on PMS activation were investigated. The selected operating conditions were determined to be [RB19] = 50 mg/L, [CuZnFe-LDH] = 200 mg/L, pH = 7, and [PMS] = 200 mg/L, under which the degradation efficiency of RB19 reached 99.85 % within 12 min. Furthermore, the CuZnFe-LDH/PMS system exhibited the ability to effectively degrade different dyes, including MO, R3BS, and BBRF, while also showing positive results in the treatment of biologically treated real textile wastewater in terms of color and COD removal. The quenching results suggested that SO₄•⁻ made the greatest contribution to RB19 degradation, with additional contributions from O2·− and ·OH. After five consecutive reuse cycles, small amounts of Cu and Zn were leached into the solution, whereas Fe was not detected; correspondingly, the RB19 degradation efficiency decreased by approximately 22.6 %, indicating the relatively good stability and reusability of CuZnFe-LDH under the investigated conditions. In future work, post-reaction catalyst characterization should be conducted to evaluate catalyst stability and clarify the specific roles of individual metals in the multi-metal LDH-based system. Additionally, mass spectrometry analyses are required to identify the degradation pathways of RB19 and assess the toxicity of the resulting intermediates. Overall, ternary LDH-based catalysts demonstrate promising potential for application in sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes for the removal of organic pollutants from water. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Keywords: CuZnFe-LDH; Peroxymonosulfate Activation; SR-AOPs; Reactive Blue 19; Textile Wastewater Treatment
Funding: Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City under contract C2025-24-05

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Articles
Language : EN
Recent articles
Recent Development in the Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives Using Nanocatalysts Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolite–Chitosan Composite from North Toraja Montmorillonite Mineral: Kinetic and Isotherm Study for Cu2+ Metal Ion Adsorption Stacking-Order-Dependent Interfacial Synergy in ZnO/SnO2 and SnO2/ZnO Heterostructured Nanofilms for Enhanced Photocatalytic, Sonocatalytic and Antibacterial Activities Potential Application of Plant-Mediated Zirconia by Hydrothermal Method for Microwave-Assisted Bio-Jet Fuel Production More recent articles
  1. Yaseen, D.A., Scholz, M. (2019). Textile dye wastewater characteristics and constituents of synthetic effluents: a critical review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(2), 1193-1226. DOI: 10.1007/s13762-018-2130-z
  2. Wang, X., Jiang, J., Gao, W. (2022). Reviewing textile wastewater produced by industries: characteristics, environmental impacts, and treatment strategies. Water Science and Technology, 85(7), 2076-2096. DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.088
  3. Aragaw, T.A. (2024). A review of dye biodegradation in textile wastewater, challenges due to wastewater characteristics, and the potential of alkaliphiles. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 16, 100493. DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100493
  4. Dung, N.T., Duc, N.H., Binh, V.T., Thao, V.D., Nguyen, M.B., Ngan, L.V., Huy, N.N. (2022). A comprehensive study on the treatment of various organic pollutants by NiCoFe layered double oxide: Material synthesis and characterization, decomposition mechanism exploration, and real water applications. Separation and Purification Technology, 285, 120358. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120358
  5. Naderi, M., Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, R. (2021). Hybrid of ZnFe layered double hydroxide/nano-scale carbon for activation of peroxymonosulfate to decompose ibuprofen: Thermodynamic and reaction pathways investigation. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 24, 101951. DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2021.101951
  6. Nidheesh, P.V., Divyapriya, G., Ezzahra Titchou, F., Hamdani, M. (2022). Treatment of textile wastewater by sulfate radical based advanced oxidation processes. Separation and Purification Technology, 293, 121115. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121115
  7. Rashid, H., Nidheesh, P.V. (2023). Degradation of Textile Dye by Bimetallic Oxide Activated Peroxymonosulphate Process. Catalysts, 13(1), 195. DOI: 10.3390/catal13010195
  8. Li, H., Qin, X., Wang, K., Ma, T., Shang, Y. (2024). Insight into metal-based catalysts for heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate activation: A critical review. Separation and Purification Technology, 333, 125900. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125900
  9. Hu, J., Zou, Y., Li, Y., Xiao, Y., Li, M., Lin, L., Li, B., Li, X.-y. (2023). Efficacy and mechanism of peroxymonosulfate activation by single-atom transition metal catalysts for the oxidation of organic pollutants: Experimental validation and theoretical calculation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 645, 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.093
  10. Fan, G., Li, F., Evans, D.G., Duan, X. (2014). Catalytic applications of layered double hydroxides: recent advances and perspectives. Chemical Society Reviews, 43(20), 7040-7066. DOI: 10.1039/C4CS00160E
  11. Forano, C., Hibino, T., Leroux, F., Taviot-Guého, C. (2006). Chapter 13.1 Layered Double Hydroxides. In F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng, and G. Lagaly (F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng, and G. Lagaly), Developments in Clay Science. Place: Elsevier
  12. Abd El-Monaem, E.M., Elshishini, H.M., Bakr, S.S., El-Aqapa, H.G., Hosny, M., Andaluri, G., El-Subruiti, G.M., Omer, A.M., Eltaweil, A.S. (2023). A comprehensive review on LDH-based catalysts to activate persulfates for the degradation of organic pollutants. npj Clean Water, 6(1), 34. DOI: 10.1038/s41545-023-00245-x
  13. Ge, L., Shao, B., Liang, Q., Huang, D., Liu, Z., He, Q., Wu, T., Luo, S., Pan, Y., Zhao, C., Huang, J., Hu, Y. (2022). Layered double hydroxide based materials applied in persulfate based advanced oxidation processes: Property, mechanism, application and perspectives. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 424, 127612. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127612
  14. Dung, N.T., Tien, N.T.C., Thu, P.T., Thao, V.D., Thao, N.P., Thuy, P.T., Ngan, L.V., Thuy, N.T., Lin, K.-Y.A., Huy, N.N. (2025). Efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by CoMn-LDH/GO for the degradation of dyes and antibiotics in water. Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering, 10(3), 65. DOI: 10.1007/s41204-025-00464-2
  15. Deng, J., Xiao, L., Yuan, S., Wang, W., Zhan, X., Hu, Z.-H. (2021). Activation of peroxymonosulfate by CoFeNi layered double hydroxide/graphene oxide (LDH/GO) for the degradation of gatifloxacin. Separation and Purification Technology, 255, 117685. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117685
  16. Zhu, J., Zhu, Z., Zhang, H., Lu, H., and Qiu, Y. (2019). Efficient degradation of organic pollutants by peroxymonosulfate activated with MgCuFe-layered double hydroxide. RSC Advances, 9(4), 2284-2291. DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09841g
  17. Zhu, X., Chen, X., Wang, J., Ge, C., Guo, M., Cao, Y., Lin, B. (2025). Sulfidation of magnetic CoFeAl-layered double hydroxide material as peroxymonosulfate activator for efficient degradation of norfloxacin. RSC Advances, 15(44), 37062-37073. DOI: 10.1039/D5RA05588A
  18. Zeng, H., Zhang, W., Deng, L., Luo, J., Zhou, S., Liu, X., Pei, Y., Shi, Z., Crittenden, J. (2018). Degradation of dyes by peroxymonosulfate activated by ternary CoFeNi-layered double hydroxide: Catalytic performance, mechanism and kinetic modeling. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 515, 92-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.016
  19. Tung, N.Q., Van, D.T.C., Thang, D.X., An, N.T.K., Trang, T.T., Nhi, B.D., Thao, N.P., Son, L.T., Huy, N.N., Dung, N.T. (2023). Hydrothermal synthesis of CuCoFe layered double hydroxide and its performance in the degradation of antibiotics: Influencing factors, degradation pathways, and reaction mechanism. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 11(3), 110127. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.110127
  20. Wu, L., Jin, T., Li, D., Wang, L., Sun, Y. (2023). Heterogeneous activation of permonosulfate by biochar supporting CuCoFe layered double hydroxide for rapid degradation of phenanthrene. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 11(5), 110718. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.110718
  21. Lu, H., Zhu, Z., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Qiu, Y., Zhu, L., Küppers, S. (2016). Fenton-Like Catalysis and Oxidation/Adsorption Performances of Acetaminophen and Arsenic Pollutants in Water on a Multimetal Cu–Zn–Fe-LDH. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8(38), 25343-25352. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08933
  22. Kang, J., Xiao, Y., Li, L., Qiao, L., Liu, C., Zhong, C., Sun, P., Liu, D., Ip, W.F., Pan, H. (2025). Ternary Synergy in Layered Double Hydroxides for Efficient and Stable Nitrate Reduction. Advanced Functional Materials, 35(43), 2507619. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202507619
  23. Zhang, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, K., Wang, X., and Zhang, B. (2025). Preparation of lantern-shaped Cu/ZnFe-LDH heterostructure and its photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. Applied Surface Science, 703, 163435. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.163435
  24. Koba-Ucun, O., Ölmez Hanci, T., Arslan-Alaton, I., Arefi-Oskoui, S., Khataee, A., Kobya, M., Orooji, Y. (2021). Toxicity of Zn-Fe Layered Double Hydroxide to Different Organisms in the Aquatic Environment. Molecules, 26(2), 395. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020395
  25. Said, S., Elhossieny, M., Riad, M., and Mikhail, S. (2018). Pristine Cu (Co)/Fe layered double hydroxides (Co(Cu)/Fe-LDH) as active catalysts for the transalkylation of toluene to trimethylbenzenes. Molecular Catalysis, 445, 213-222. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.11.038
  26. Bouteraa, S., Saiah, F.B.D., Hamouda, S., Bettahar, N. (2020). Zn-M-CO3 Layered Double Hydroxides (M=Fe, Cr, or Al): Synthesis, Characterization, and Removal of Aqueous Indigo Carmine. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 15(1), 43-54. DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.1.5053.43-54
  27. Wannawek, A., Jansanthea, P., Chomkitichai, W., Ketwaraporn, J., Jumpa, K., Ruangrit, C., Thangoen, I., Rattanasatian, K., Wansao, C., Wanaek, A., Pookmanee, P. (2023). ZnFe-layered double hydroxide nanostructures prepared from natural iron ore precursors with the hydrothermal method and the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. Desalination and Water Treatment, 291, 182-194. DOI: 10.5004/dwt.2023.29469
  28. Amin, M.T., Alazba, A.A., Shafiq, M. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of Zn/Fe layered double hydroxide and its composites for copper adsorption from aqueous solution. Desalination and Water Treatment, 218, 281-293. DOI: 10.5004/dwt.2021.26948
  29. Wang, J., Liu, T. (2022). Study on the Tribological Properties of F-T DS/ZnFe-LDH Composite Lubricating Material. Applied Sciences, 12(2), 599. DOI: 10.3390/app12020599
  30. Balcik, C., Ozbey-Unal, B., Sahin, B., Buse Aydın, E., Cifcioglu-Gozuacik, B., Keyikoglu, R., Khataee, A. (2023). Development of ZnFeCe Layered Double Hydroxide Incorporated Thin Film Nanocomposite Membrane with Enhanced Separation Performance and Antibacterial Properties. Water, 15(2), 264. DOI: 10.3390/w15020264
  31. Zheng, J., Li, X., Ding, J., Li, X., Wu, Y. (2026). Surface hydroxyl-promoted visible-light activation of peroxymonosulfate by ZnAl-LDH for water purification: Mechanistic insights and ecological assessment. Environmental Research, 307, 125430. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2026.125430
  32. Li, D., Wu, W., Ren, X., Zhao, X., Song, H., Xiao, M., Zhu, Q., Gai, H., Huang, T. (2024). Enhanced activation of peroxymonosulfate by Fe/N co-doped ordered mesoporous carbon with dual active sites for efficient removal of m-cresol. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 65, 130-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2023.06.026
  33. Wang, Y., Li, P., Du, X., and Zhang, X. (2024). CuCo2O4@ACoNi-LDH (A=Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr) as efficient electrocatalyst for freshwater, seawater and urea oxidation reaction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 54, 937-946. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.12.170
  34. Jiang, Y., Xu, W., Liang, J., Shen, J., Fu, X., He, H., Yan, S., Ren, X. (2021). Enhanced catalytic phenol hydroxylation by CuZnFeAl layered double hydroxides: synergistic effects of Cu+ and oxygen vacancies. New Journal of Chemistry, 45(1), 179-188. DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03905e
  35. Mahmoud, R.K., Taha, M., Zaher, A., Amin, R.M. (2021). Understanding the physicochemical properties of Zn–Fe LDH nanostructure as sorbent material for removing of anionic and cationic dyes mixture. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 21365. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00437-w
  36. Tian, Y., Lian, B., Bai, R., Guo, Q., Tian, Y., Ma, L., Li, X., Chen, L., Zhao, Y., Chen, T. (2026). Transition-metal-free MgAl-LDH/AlOOH catalyst with intrinsic pH self-buffering to 6.0-7.0 for the degradation of ciprofloxacin by peroxymonosulfate activation. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 216, 111104. DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2026.111104
  37. Zhao, X., Niu, C., Zhang, L., Guo, H., Wen, X., Liang, C., Zeng, G. (2018). Co-Mn layered double hydroxide as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for degradation of organic dyes by activation of peroxymonosulfate. Chemosphere, 204, 11-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.023
  38. Ahmad, A., Gu, X., Li, L., Lu, S., Xu, Y., Guo, X. (2015). Effects of pH and Anions on the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in nZVI-rGo-Activated Persulfate System. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 226(11), 369. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-015-2635-8
  39. Xia, X., Zhu, F., Li, J., Yang, H., Wei, L., Li, Q., Jiang, J., Zhang, G., Zhao, Q. (2020). A Review Study on Sulfate-Radical-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes for Domestic/Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Degradation, Efficiency, and Mechanism. Frontiers in Chemistry, 8, 2020. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.592056
  40. Li, N., Wang, Y., Cheng, X., Dai, H., Yan, B., Chen, G., Hou, L.a., Wang, S. (2022). Influences and mechanisms of phosphate ions onto persulfate activation and organic degradation in water treatment: A review. Water Research, 222, 118896. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118896
  41. Urrea, J.L., Collado, S., Laca, A., Díaz, M. (2014). Wet oxidation of activated sludge: Transformations and mechanisms. Journal of Environmental Management, 146, 251-259. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.043
  42. Xiao, H., Yan, W., Zhao, Z., Tang, Y., Li, Y., Yang, Q., Luo, S., Jiang, B. (2022). Chlorate induced false reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) based on standard dichromate method: Countermeasure and mechanism. Water Research, 221, 118732. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118732
  43. Yang, Z.-z., Zhang, C., Zeng, G.-m., Tan, X.-f., Wang, H., Huang, D.-l., Yang, K.-h., Wei, J.-j., Ma, C., Nie, K. (2020). Design and engineering of layered double hydroxide based catalysts for water depollution by advanced oxidation processes: a review. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8(8), 4141-4173. DOI: 10.1039/c9ta13522g
  44. Fu, Y., Fu, X., Song, W., Li, Y., Li, X., Yan, L. (2023). Recent Progress of Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Materials in Wastewater Treatment. Materials, 16(16), 5723. DOI: 10.3390/ma16165723
  45. Zhang, L., Wen, X., Zhang, G., Wang, X., Li, X., Peng, C., Jiang, M., Wang, M., Ma, L. (2024). An Anchored Fe–Cu LDH onto a Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane with Strong Peroxymonosulfate Activation-Induced Degradation of Methylene Blue and Self-Cleaning Property of Oil/Water Separation. Langmuir, 40(41), 21663-21674. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02718
  46. Ma, Y., Chen, F., Yang, Q., Zhong, Y., Shu, X., Yao, F., Xie, T., Li, X., Wang, D., Zeng, G. (2018). Sulfate radical induced degradation of Methyl Violet azo dye with CuFe layered doubled hydroxide as heterogeneous photoactivator of persulfate. Journal of Environmental Management, 227, 406-414. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.030
  47. Yang, W., Xia, J., Shang, F., Yang, G., Wang, B., Cai, H., Jing, L., Zhu, H., Yang, S., Liang, C., Shao, G. (2024). Boosting Peroxymonosulfate Activation via Co-Based LDH-Derived Magnetic Catalysts: A Dynamic and Static State Assessment of Efficient Radical-Assisted Electron Transfer Processes. Energy & Environmental Materials, 7(5), e12701. DOI: 10.1002/eem2.12701
  48. Ying, Y., Liang, S., Zhang, F., Xu, X., Qian, C., Jiang, L., Zhou, J., Wan, Y., Wang, L., and Yao, Y. (2024). Accelerated Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle in Mo2C-based Fe catalyst to promote peroxymonosulfate activation. Chemosphere, 367, 143380. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143380
  49. Miao, F., Liu, Z., Kang, X., Cheng, C., Mao, X., Li, R., Lin, H., Zhang, H. (2021). Electro-enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate via acceleration of Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox cycle on Fe-B catalyst. Electrochimica Acta, 377, 138073. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138073
  50. Zhu, S., Li, X., Kang, J., Duan, X., and Wang, S. (2019). Persulfate Activation on Crystallographic Manganese Oxides: Mechanism of Singlet Oxygen Evolution for Nonradical Selective Degradation of Aqueous Contaminants. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(1), 307-315. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04669
  51. Xiao, S., Cheng, M., Zhong, H., Liu, Z., Liu, Y., Yang, X., Liang, Q. (2020). Iron-mediated activation of persulfate and peroxymonosulfate in both homogeneous and heterogeneous ways: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 384, 123265. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123265
  52. Bao, Y., Lian, C., Huang, K., Yu, H., Liu, W., Zhang, J., Xing, M. (2022). Generating High-valent Iron-oxo ≡FeIV=O Complexes in Neutral Microenvironments through Peroxymonosulfate Activation by Zn−Fe Layered Double Hydroxides. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 61(42), e202209542. DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209542
  53. Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Meng, X., and Liu, X. (2020). Highly efficient Co-OMS-2 catalyst for the degradation of reactive blue 19 in aqueous solution. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 112, 107757. DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107757
  54. Li, Z., Liu, D., Zhao, Y., Li, S., Wei, X., Meng, F., Huang, W., Lei, Z. (2019). Singlet oxygen dominated peroxymonosulfate activation by CuO-CeO2 for organic pollutants degradation: Performance and mechanism. Chemosphere, 233, 549-558. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.291
  55. Xu, J., Hu, S., Min, L., Wang, S. (2022). Waste eggshell-supported CuO used as heterogeneous catalyst for reactive blue 19 degradation through peroxymonosulfate activation (CuO/eggshell catalysts activate PMS to degrade reactive blue 19). Water Science and Technology, 85(11), 3271-3284. DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.165
  56. Jing, L., Li, X., Chen, J., Quan, R., Wang, T., Zhao, X., Yang, W., Liu, S., Hu, Y., Sun, Z., Hao, P., Yang, H., Zheng, Y., Zhu, H. (2025). Synergistic catalysis of immobilized enzyme and peroxymonosulfate activation: CuFe2O4/kaolin-CTS-Laccase for enhanced performance of reactive blue 19 degradation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 706, 135784. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.135784
  57. Hu, S., Zhong, Y., Xu, J., Min, L., Liang, X., Bai, R., Wang, S. (2022). Effective utilization of CuO derived from waste printed circuit boards as a peroxymonosulfate activator for the degradation of reactive blue 19. Separation and Purification Technology, 298, 121657. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121657

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.