DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.20778

Potential Conversion of Chicken Bone Waste into Fe2O3-Functionalized Hydroxyapatite Photocatalyst

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Kampus Terpadu UII, Jl. Kaliurang Km 14, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia

2Nanotechnology and Sustainable Chemistry Research Centre, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Laboratorium Kimia, Kampus Terpadu UII, Jl. Kaliurang Km 14, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia

3Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

4 Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

5 Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Hanseo University, Seosan-si 356-706, South Korea

6 Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, whereas the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan

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Received: 16 Jun 2026; Revised: 20 Aug 2026; Accepted: 22 Aug 2026; Available online: 2 Sep 2026; Published: 26 Dec 2026.
Editor(s): Istadi Istadi
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Abstract

Functional material of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles-functionalized Hydroxyapatite (HA) was synthesized from chicken bone waste. The preparation of material involved the calcination of chicken bone waste followed by the dispersion of iron oxide precursors and hydrothermal treatment to get coprecipitated HA. Systematic physicochemical characterization was performed by various analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance UV-Visible spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the composite was examined to degrade methylene blue under various photon sources and pH condition. The results demonstrated that a high crystalline Fe2O3/HA was derived, and detail of the analysis confirm the functionality of iron as dopant in the crystalline structure of HA and the dispersed photoactive nanoparticles. Photocatalytic degradation experiments resumed that the high degradation efficiency could be achievable at alkaline condition and under visible light illumination, as the efficiency of 78.88% was the optimum value. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Keywords: Dye photodegradation; Fe2O3; Hydroxyapatite; Photocatalyst; Chicken Bone
Funding: Universiti Malaya; Universitas Islam Indonesia

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Section: Original Research Articles
Language : EN
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