Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
type: channel
description: Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis (e-ISSN Indonesia: 1978-2993 ; ISSN International: 1978-2993; CODEN: BCRECO; Short Abbreviation Title (ISO 4): Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal., alternative title: Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis) is an international journal to provide a forum for publishing the novel technologies related to the catalyst, catalysis, chemical reactor development, kinetics studies, and chemical reaction engineering. As Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis is a fully open access journal, your paper will be available to anyone, at anytime, anywhere in the world This journal is published by Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS). The technical management of this journal is supported by BCREC Publishing Group. This journal has been accredited by National Journal Accreditation (ARJUNA) Managed by Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Republic Indonesia with First Grade (Peringkat 1, Sinta 1, Garuda) since year 2016 to 2028 according to the Decree No. 21/E/KPT/2018 and last updated by Decree No10/C/C3/DT.05.00/2025 Date of 21 Maret 2025. with Certificate of Accreditation (ARJUNA-SINTA) with Score of Accreditation of 95.5, and Certificate as Jurnal Bereputasi International. Fulltext PDFs of this journal have been distributed by EBSCO PUBLISHING (Academic Search Complete, Academic Search Premiere, and Academic Search R&D) and ProQuest Database (Engineering Collection; SciTech Premium Collection). The BCREC journal has been indexed and abstracted and displayed in Elsevier Products (SCOPUS, Ei Compendex / Engineering Village, EnCompassLIT), SCIMAGO Journal Ranking (Q3), Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Core Collection Database (Emerging Source Citation Index) (Q3 JCI), Dimensions-Digital Science, CABI, ASEAN Citation Index, DOAJ, Chemical Abstract Services (CAS); and ROAD ISSN. For year 2025, 4 issues (Volume 20, Issue 1 (April), Issue 2 (August), Issue …
publisher: Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
language: en-US
publication name: Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
issn: 1978-2993
copyright: Journal Author(s) Rights In order for Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS) and BCREC Publishing Group to publish and disseminate research articles, we need non-exclusive publishing rights (transfered from author(s) to publisher). This is determined by a publishing agreement between the Author(s) and Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS) and BCREC Publishing Group. This agreement deals with the transfer or license of the right for publishing to Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS) and BCREC Publishing Group, while Authors still retain significant all copy rights to use and share their own published articles. Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS) and BCREC Publishing Group supports the need for authors to share, disseminate and maximize the impact of their research and these rights, in any databases. As a journal Author, you have all copy rights for a large range of uses of your article, including use by your employing institute or company. These Author copy rights can be exercised without the need to obtain specific permission. Authors who publishing in BCREC journals have wide copy rights to use their works for teaching and scholarly purposes without needing to seek permission, including, but not limited to: use for classroom teaching by Author or Author's institution and presentation at a meeting or conference and distributing copies to attendees; use for internal training by author's company; distribution to colleagues for their reseearch use; use in a subsequent compilation of the author's works; inclusion in a thesis or dissertation; reuse of portions or extracts from the article in other works (with full acknowledgement of final article); preparation of derivative works (other than commercial purposes) (with full acknowledgement of final article); voluntary posting on open web sites operated by author or author’s institution for scholarly purpos…
items: One Pot Synthesis of N-acetylglycine from N-acetyl Glucosamine over Bifunctional Ag/MgO
items: Tailoring Photocatalytic Activity of Sol-Gel-Derived Bismuth Oxide via Calcination Time Optimization for Methyl Orange Degradation
items: Synthesis and Carbonization of Core-Shell ZIF-67@ZIF-90 for Ciprofloxacin and Azithromycin Removal
items: Modeling and Electrical Characterization of CO₂/Ar Dielectric Barrier Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure
items: Adsorptive Removal of Cd(II) Ions using Core-Shell Polystyrene@NiFeAl-LDH Nanocomposite: Optimization, Isotherm, and Kinetics Study
items: Nickel-Lanthanum Impregnated into Natural Zeolite as a Catalyst for Biofuel Production from Sunflower Oil via Hydrocracking Process
items: Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Aloe Vera Extract and Xanthan Gum as Modifier for Photocatalytic Degradation of Anionic and Cationic Dye in Aqueous Solution
items: Green-Modified Ni/Al LDH with Camellia sinensis Bioactives: A Sustainable Strategy for Ceftriaxone Removal
items: Influence of Nickel and Aluminum in Bentonite for Ethanol-to-Gasoline Reaction
items: Soda-Anthraquinone-Catalyzed Delignification of Coconut Husk Waste
items: Alkylation of Benzene with Ethanol over ZSM-5 Based La–P Catalysts
items: NaHCO₃-Assisted Synthesis of Ni-Promoted Sulfated Mesoporous Silica for the Hydrocracking of Used Cooking Oil into Biogasoline
items: Catalytic Performance of Environmentally Friendly Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate-supported Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) for Oxidation Styrene to Benzaldehyde
items: Cold Plasma Modeling for Air Pollution Control: NOx Removal in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactors
items: Ceria-Promoted Titanium Dioxide (CeO2/TiO2) Nanocomposites for Efficient Phenol Removal under Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
items: Crystal Phase-Dependence of Ru@TiO2 Catalysts on the Product Selectivity in the Aqueous Phase Hydrogenolysis of Furfuryl Alcohol
items: Bimetallic Ni–Cu/ZSM-5 Catalysts for Enhanced Phenol and Vanillin Production from Benzyl Phenyl Ether and Lignin
items: Corrigendum to: A Study on IIIA Group Metals (B or Ga or Tl) Doped Mo2C-HZSM-5 Catalysts for Methane Dehydroaromatization
items: Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
items: Backmatter (Right Transfer Agreement for Publishing Form)

One Pot Synthesis of N-acetylglycine from N-acetyl Glucosamine over Bifunctional Ag/MgO
type: item
description: The catalytic conversion of chitin biomass provides an environment-friendly approach for the synthesis of valuable organonitrogen compounds. Here, we prepared bifunctional Ag/MgO by simple deposition-precipitation method. The catalysts exhibited good catalytic activity for one pot synthesis of N-acetylglycine (AcGly) from N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG), offering a 26.2% yield under optimized conditions. The basic nature of MgO contributed to the retro-aldol of NAG, and Ag species catalyzed the oxidation of intermediate to AcGly. The spent catalyst could be recycled and reused for NAG conversion to AcGly. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Dianwen Qi
creator: Qingya Cao
creator: Chenxi Huang
creator: Xueying Qi
creator: Chongzhou Wang
creator: Jinhang Dai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20482

Tailoring Photocatalytic Activity of Sol-Gel-Derived Bismuth Oxide via Calcination Time Optimization for Methyl Orange Degradation
type: item
description: Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) is a yellow solid, has good electrical properties and a wide band gap energy (2-3.96 eV). Therefore, this material is commonly used as a photocatalyst. This study aims to synthesize bismuth oxide using the sol-gel method, determine its physicochemical characteristics and photocatalytic activity in the degradation of methyl orange dyes. Bi2O3 is synthesized from Bi(NO3)3.5H2O which is reacted with citric acid at 100 ° C for 20 hours. The formed gel is then dried and calcined at 600 °C for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours. The synthesis results in the form of pale-yellow powder with the same crystal system that is a mixture of α-Bi2O3 (monoclinic) and γ-Bi2O3 (BCC) and has almost the same morphology that is similar to coral and has a particle size of 1-8 μm. The results of photocatalytic activity tests showed that the constant rate of degradation reaction of methyl orange by bismuth oxide with calcination time of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours respectively was 2.76×10-5 s-1, 2.65×10-5 s-1, 2.53×10-5 s-1, 2.81×10-5 s-1 and 3.87×10-5 s-1. Bismuth oxide with a calcination time of 5 hours has the highest photocatalytic activity. Meanwhile, bismuth oxide with a calcination time of 5 hours has a band-gap of 2.86 eV and 2.64 eV. The stages of decomposition of bismuth oxide material with a calcination time of 5 hours consisted of 3 release stages namely H2O, CO2, CxHyOz respectively 12.20%, 5.33% 30.54%. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Yayuk Astuti
creator: Agus Muslim
creator: Adi Darmawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 11
ending page: 21
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20452

Synthesis and Carbonization of Core-Shell ZIF-67@ZIF-90 for Ciprofloxacin and Azithromycin Removal
type: item
description: The elimination of antibiotics such as Azithromycin (AZM) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP) from the contaminated water is crucial to safeguard both human health and environmental quality. This study investigates the synthesis of CoNC@NC core-shell composite by carbonizing ZIF-67@ZIF-90 composite, and the implementation of them in removing antibiotics from aqueous solutions. The composites were characterized using XRD, SEM, FTIR, Raman, TGA, and N2 adsorption-desorption. In the batch adsorption tests, the carbonized composite showed enhanced adsorption capacities compared to the original composite, with maximum adsorption capacities for AZM and CIP being 256.49 mg/g and 514.26 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process was found to fit the pseudo-first-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models. The solution pH showed a significant impact on the adsorption capacity, with maximum capacities recorded at pH of 7 and 6 for the AZM and CIP solutions, respectively. In addition, it was demonstrated that after five regeneration cycles, the carbonized composite maintained the adsorption capacity at over 90% of the first cycle value, suggesting good reusability. These results revealed the potential of using CoNC@NC composites in environmental decontamination and antibiotic removal for wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Fatimah Al-Ghazzawi
creator: Mohammed Mahdi Al-Mossawi
creator: Amjad Al-Shawi
creator: Kadhim Al-Attafi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 22
ending page: 37
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20498

Modeling and Electrical Characterization of CO₂/Ar Dielectric Barrier Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure
type: item
description: Abstract In this study, a one-dimensional fluid model is employed to analyze the electrical and physicochemical properties of dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) in pure CO₂ and CO₂/Ar mixtures at atmospheric pressure. Validation against experimental data confirms the accuracy of the model, especially for discharge current characteristics, with a peak current of 2.5 mA. Time-resolved analysis revealed that CO and O₂ represent the major species formed during CO₂ splitting, while O, O₃, and minor carbon-based species appear at lower concentrations. Charged species such as CO₂⁺ and CO₃⁻ were found to play a critical role in plasma kinetics, strongly correlating with current pulses during breakdown events. Parametric studies highlighted the influence of argon fraction, frequency, voltage, and pressure on discharge performance. Optimal CO production was obtained in CO₂/Ar mixtures with 75–90% Ar, at intermediate frequencies 3 kHz, moderate pressures 760 Torr, and applied voltages up to 9 kV. These findings provide valuable insights into plasma-assisted CO₂ conversion, emphasizing the importance of discharge conditions in enhancing efficiency and guiding the design of DBD reactors for sustainable carbon utilization. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Mohamed Chenoui
creator: Hocine Tebani
creator: Djilali Benyoucef
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 38
ending page: 50
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20493

Adsorptive Removal of Cd(II) Ions using Core-Shell Polystyrene@NiFeAl-LDH Nanocomposite: Optimization, Isotherm, and Kinetics Study
type: item
description: In this study, a core-shell nanocomposite was successfully prepared using NiAlFe-LDH as a core coated with polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles with an LDH:PS ratio of 3:1 (PS @NiAlFe-LDH) for the removal of cadmium (Cd2+) from aqueous solutions. PS nanospheres were prepared from styrene monomer recovered from Styrofoam waste. The prepared PS@NiAlFe-LDH was characterized for its structural morphology, elemental composition, surface area, and pore morphology. Results indicated the successful formation of PS nanosphers core coated by platelet LDH shell and a successful adsorption of Cd2+ ions. The maximum adsorption efficiency (95.53%) was achieved under the optimal conditions: pH of 6, PS@NiAlFe-LDH dosage of 0.15 g/100 mL, shaking speed of 200 rpm, and an initial Cd2+ concentration of 100 mg/L at a 90-minute contact time. Langmuir isotherm model was the most accurate in describing the adsorption process with a maximum adsorption capacity of 227.273 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics model described the adsorption behaviour of cadmium ions on PS@NiAlFe-LDH surface as the calculated values from the model were close to the experimental values. The adsorption mechanism was a combination of electrostatic attraction, surface complexation/ion exchange and internal diffusion within the pores. PS@NiAlFe-LDH demonstrated significant reusability, with an efficiency of 57.56% after six regeneration cycles. In conclusion, this study indicates that PS@NiAlFe-LDH nanocomposite exhibits high quality and excellent efficiency in removing cadmium ions from aqueous solutions, owing to its porosity and abundance of active groups on its surface, as well as structural stability after adsorption, which makes it a promising material for environmental remediation applications. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Shahad A. Raheem
creator: Ahmed A. Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 51
ending page: 67
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20528

Nickel-Lanthanum Impregnated into Natural Zeolite as a Catalyst for Biofuel Production from Sunflower Oil via Hydrocracking Process
type: item
description: The increasing demand for crude oil or fossil fuel as a raw material for oil fuel has been steadily rising over time in line with the development that is taking place in Indonesia. However, biofuels are potential vegetable fuels that can be developed as alternative energy because they are renewable and can be renewed to overcome the energy crisis in the future. For this purpose, a double metal catalyst (impregnated with nickel and lanthanum), is used to make biofuels from sunflower seed oil. The effect of metal ratio on the yield of biofuel products is the concern in this study. The temperature of hydrocracking process was 250-330 ℃ with ratio of metal 5% and 10% (metal ratio 1:1 and 1:2). X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that natural zeolite has a clinoptilolite phase, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) shows that acid and base activation increases the Si/Al ratio from 4.5 to 5, Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) shows images of natural zeolite surfaces in the form of aggregate pieces, and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) shows that acid and base activation increases SBET from 29.96 to 49.73 m2/g and forms a hierarchical natural zeolite. The impregnation of Ni-La/Zeolite catalyst has been successfully carried out using the incipient wetness impregnation method and the best catalyst results were obtained, namely Ni-La/Zeolite 10% (1:2) with a surface area of 15.33 m2/gS. The addition of Nickel and Lanthanum metals caused a decrease in the surface area and average pore diameter of the zeolite. The lowest surface area and average pore diameter were found in the variation of the Ni-La/Zeolite 10% (1:2) catalyst, namely 15.33 m2/g and 13.99 nm. The highest hydrocarbon yield was found in the hydrocracking process with the Ni-La/Zeolite 10% (1:1) catalyst with gasoline, kerosene and gasoil fractions of 0.91; 0.39 and 8.32 (%wt), respectively. The hydrocarbon compound composition of the catalyst includes n-paraffin 4.43%, isoparaffin 0.21%, cycloparaffin 2.99%…
creator: Erik Budi Santiko
creator: Sarah Fauziah
creator: Sugeng Priyanto
creator: Yustinah Yustinah
creator: Lenny Marlinda
creator: Sudibyo Sudibyo
creator: Abdul Aziz
creator: Peri Oktiarmi
creator: Indri Yati
creator: Muhammad Al Muttaqii
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 68
ending page: 79
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20503

Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Aloe Vera Extract and Xanthan Gum as Modifier for Photocatalytic Degradation of Anionic and Cationic Dye in Aqueous Solution
type: item
description: The green synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is a simpler, low-energy method that avoids toxic chemicals, making the process more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The green synthesis was performed using aloe vera extract (55% - Aloin), rich in electrons from its hydroxyl groups, as a reducing agent, and natural polysaccharides from xanthan gum to disperse particles and prevent agglomeration. The green synthesis product was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Diffuse Reflectance UV spectroscopy. The green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles, both with xanthan gum (ZnO-AL/XG) and without xanthan gum (ZnO-AL), adopted a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. The addition of xanthan gum significantly reduced the crystallite size and enhanced the surface homogeneity of the photocatalyst. Over 50% removal of both anionic and cationic dyes was achieved by ZnO-AL/XG for up to 3 uses, and by ZnO-AL for up to 2 uses, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of the aloe vera–xanthan gum-based green synthesis as a sustainable and efficient strategy for producing ZnO nanomaterials applicable in dye wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Imelda Fajriati
creator: Priyagung Dhemi Widiakongko
creator: Didik Krisdiyanto
creator: Heti Hermawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 80
ending page: 95
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20495

Green-Modified Ni/Al LDH with Camellia sinensis Bioactives: A Sustainable Strategy for Ceftriaxone Removal
type: item
description: Ceftriaxone (CEF) is a β-lactam antibiotic widely used in the medical field to treat various bacterial infections in both humans and animals. The high usage of CEF has the potential to cause environmental pollution and antimicrobial resistance, necessitating effective treatment methods. In this study, the adsorption method is proposed using Ni/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) and Camellia sinensis extract-modified material (Ni/Al-CSe) as a sustainable bio-modification approach. The results show the optimal adsorption pH for Ni/Al LDH is 3 and for Ni/Al-CSe is 5, with the adsorption isotherms following the Freundlich model and the kinetics conforming to pseudo-first order (PFO). The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) significantly increased from 28.818 mg.g-1 (Ni/Al LDH) to 111.111 mg.g-1 (Ni/Al-CSe). Thermodynamic analysis revealed that adsorption on both materials proceeds spontaneously, while the consistently more negative ΔG values and predominantly exothermic behavior of Ni/Al-CSe confirm its superior thermodynamic favorability associated with more specific surface interactions. Regeneration tests up to four cycles showed that Ni/Al-CSe was more stable than Ni/Al LDH. Overall, modifying Ni/Al LDH with Camellia sinensis extract was proven to enhance adsorption capacity, spontaneity, and stability, providing an effective and environmentally friendly solution for antibiotic treatment. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Amri Amri
creator: Najma Annuria Fithri
creator: Muhammad Said
creator: Aldes Lesbani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 96
ending page: 111
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20513

Influence of Nickel and Aluminum in Bentonite for Ethanol-to-Gasoline Reaction
type: item
description: Bentonite can be used as a catalyst due to its flexible structure. However, it has several drawbacks, including low thermal and hydrothermal stability, as well as a small surface area and pore volume. This study aims to modify the structure of bentonite using the pillared clay (PILC) method, in order to improve its physicochemical properties and catalytic activity. The bentonite was pillared with aluminium (Al/PILC), nickel (Ni/PILC), and a combination of both metals (Al-Ni/PILC). Catalyst characterization was carried out using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Temperature Programmed Desorption of Ammonia (TPD-NH₃), Thermogravimetric Analysis-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA-DSC), and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). XRD analysis showed an increase in the interlayer spacing, the largest basal spacing is observed in Al/PILC. XRF results indicated an increase in the composition of Al₂O₃ and NiO in all four catalysts. SAA analysis demonstrated an increase in surface area and pore volume across the catalysts, the highest surface area is exhibited by Al/PILC (187.83 m2/g), while the largest pore diameter is observed in Al-Ni/PILC (12.83 nm). The acidity analysis using TPD-NH₃ shows that Al/PILC possesses the highest acidity value of 2.34 mmol/g. The presence of Brønsted acid sites was confirmed through FTIR analysis. TGA-DSC analysis indicated an improvement in the thermal stability of all tested catalysts. The Al/PILC catalyst showed the best performance at 150 °C. When the reaction temperature was increased to 250 °C, the Al-Ni/PILC catalyst demonstrated the highest efficiency in the ethanol-to-gasoline conversion process. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Robert Ronal Widjaya
creator: Yusraini D. I. Siregar
creator: Syifa H. Nabillah
creator: Nino Rinaldi
creator: Sabar P. Simanungkalit
creator: Joni Prasetyo
creator: Adid Adep Dwiatmoko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 112
ending page: 127
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20502

Soda-Anthraquinone-Catalyzed Delignification of Coconut Husk Waste
type: item
description: This study investigates the role of anthraquinone (AQ) in decomposing coconut husk waste, specifically collected from Banten, to produce pure α-cellulose pulp. The process used sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 10%, 15%, and 20% concentrations, with 0.1 g of AQ added as a catalyst, and a waste-to-liquid ratio of 1:8 throughout. The goal is to accelerate lignin degradation while protecting cellulose in the material, thereby yielding higher-quality pulp. The Banten coconut husk analysis showed an α-cellulose content of 30.38%. Higher NaOH concentrations reduced pulp yield but increased lignin removal, indicated by lower kappa numbers. AQ addition enhanced lignin removal and preserved cellulose compared to the absence of AQ. The optimal outcome was achieved with 15% NaOH and 0.1 g AQ, balancing lignin removal and cellulose preservation. These findings indicate that anthraquinone can support sustainable pulp production from agricultural waste. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Eka Fitriani Ahmad
creator: Puji Lestari
creator: Katharina Oginawati
creator: Yoki Yulizar
creator: Julinton Sianturi
creator: Muhammad Miftahul Munir
creator: Adawiah Adawiah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 128
ending page: 136
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20537

Alkylation of Benzene with Ethanol over ZSM-5 Based La–P Catalysts
type: item
description: Benzene ethylation in the presence of HZSM-5 zeolites is a promising method for producing ethylbenzene. This study examined the effects of modifying lanthanum and phosphorus as additives to the HZSM-5 catalyst, tested in the temperature range of 300-500 °C, at a benzene to ethanol molar ratio of 2:1 in a hydrogen stream. The influence of promoters on acidity and pore structure was investigated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), NH3 Temperature Programmed Desorption (NH3-TPD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET), and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH). Among 4%La samples, 4%P/HZSM-5 demonstrated higher ethylbenzene selectivity and operational stability associated with a decrease in the density of strong acid sites and an increase in zeolite mesoporosity because of modification. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Sabit Eyyub Mamedov
creator: Aynur Abulfat Iskenderova
creator: Eyyub Sabit Mammadov
creator: Nargiz Firudin Akhmedova
creator: Fuad Shamsaddin Kerimli
creator: Sevda Baba Ismayilova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 137
ending page: 148
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20517

NaHCO₃-Assisted Synthesis of Ni-Promoted Sulfated Mesoporous Silica for the Hydrocracking of Used Cooking Oil into Biogasoline
type: item
description: Biofuel production from biomass sources remains a key area of research, aimed at reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting environmental sustainability. This study investigates the conversion of used cooking oil (UCO) into biogasoline via catalytic hydrocracking, employing sulfated mesoporous silica dispersed with nickel as the catalyst. Mesoporous silica was synthesized using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and NaHCO₃ as the template, followed by a hydrothermal method to introduce sulfate groups and nickel metal. Among the synthesized catalysts, SMS-2 exhibited the highest acidity across varying sulfuric acid concentrations, while 1 Ni/SMS-2 demonstrated superior acidity compared to other nickel loadings. The SiO₂, SMS-2, and 1 Ni/SMS-2 catalysts were evaluated for UCO hydrocracking in a semi-batch double-furnace reactor operated at an optimum temperature of 550 °C for 2 h, with a hydrogen flow rate of 20 mL min⁻¹ under atmospheric pressure. Modifying mesoporous silica with sulfuric acid and nickel significantly enhanced its catalytic performance, with the 1 Ni/SMS-2 catalyst achieving the highest liquid product yield (66.10%) and gasoline fraction (35.47%) at an optimum catalyst-to-feed ratio of 1:100 (w/w). Notably, the resulting biogasoline exhibited a calorific value comparable to commercial gasoline and was free of aromatic hydrocarbons, indicating the potential for cleaner combustion. This study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of mesoporous silica-based catalysts, highlighting their acid site modulation capabilities for efficiently transforming waste into high-value fuels. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Karna Wijaya
creator: Marini Fairuz Vebryana
creator: Niko Prasetyo
creator: Aldino Javier Saviola
creator: Wahyu Dita Saputri
creator: Amalia Kurnia Amin
creator: Latifah Hauli
creator: Saharman Gea
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 149
ending page: 167
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20531

Catalytic Performance of Environmentally Friendly Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate-supported Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) for Oxidation Styrene to Benzaldehyde
type: item
description: This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH)-supported Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) catalysts and their application in the styrene oxidation to benzaldehyde using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. The study explores the catalyst's structure-activity relationship, emphasizing the importance of mesoporous materials for enhanced catalytic performance. The CSH-Metals catalysts were synthesized using fish bone-derived CSH as a support, which aligns with green chemistry principles. Characterization techniques, such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET surface area analysis, confirmed the successful impregnation of Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) and its catalytic performance. The catalysts exhibited styrene conversion and high selectivity for benzaldehyde, achieving up to 49.5% and 60.2% for CSH-Ti; 12.9% and 84.1% for CSH-Fe, 19.9% and 61.5% for CSH-Cu, and 13.4% and 92.8% for CSH-Ag. The research highlights that the best catalyst’s performance are CSH-Ti for styrene conversion and CSH-Ag for benzaldehyde selectivity. To support performance interpretation, a fuzzy logic analysis was applied to evaluate the influence of seven key parameters on catalytic behavior. The results revealed that ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) formation activity, type of metal, and metal–intermediate interaction were the most dominant factors affecting performance. This data-driven insight reinforces the chemical reactivity as the primary determinant of catalyst effectiveness, above physical attributes such as surface area or pore structure. Overall, this study introduces a cost-effective, sustainable, and selective catalyst system for styrene oxidation, demonstrating high potential for industrial application in the production of value-added chemicals with minimal environmental impact. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Agung Rahmadani
creator: Mukhamad Nurhadi
creator: Teguh Wirawan
creator: Wirhanuddin Wirhanuddin
creator: Nabila Nur Agusti
creator: Sin Yuan Lai
creator: Hadi Nur
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 168
ending page: 179
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20508

Cold Plasma Modeling for Air Pollution Control: NOx Removal in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactors
type: item
description: The paper presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) operating in atmospheric pressure air (N₂–O₂–Ar) containing NO concentrations between 2.5% and 10% is presented for plasma assisted NOₓ mitigation. A one-dimensional fluid model is developed to describe the discharge dynamics and plasma chemical interactions under applied voltages of 8–12 kV and excitation frequencies of 2–4 kHz. The influence of voltage amplitude and frequency on electrical characteristics and NOₓ removal efficiency is systematically analyzed. A representative operating condition (10% NO, 10 kV, 3 kHz) is examined in detail to elucidate the temporal evolution of voltage and current and the spatial distributions of electrons, ions, excited species, and neutral particles involved in NO dissociation pathways. The results provide improved insight into the reaction kinetics governing NO degradation in air plasma and offer practical guidance for optimizing DBD-based environmental remediation systems. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Nesrine Labdouni
creator: Djilali Benyoucef
creator: Hocine Tebani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 180
ending page: 190
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20560

Ceria-Promoted Titanium Dioxide (CeO2/TiO2) Nanocomposites for Efficient Phenol Removal under Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
type: item
description: In this study, a series of x %CeO2/TiO2 (x= 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10) catalysts were successfully synthesized with Ce(NO3)3.6H2O as precursor via a simple wetness impregnation method. The resulting samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, surface area and pore volume measurements, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and UV-Vis -DRS. These catalysts were used for the degradation of the phenol through three types of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), namely the heterogeneous Fenton process (photocatalyst/H2O2), the photocatalysis process (photocatalyst/UV), and the photo-Fenton process (photocatalyst/UV/H2O2). The 10 ‎%‎ CeO2/TiO2 catalyst showed superior degradation efficiency of 99.05 ‎%‎, when used in the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process. To determine the optimal conditions for phenol degradation, using the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process, the effects of parameters such as photocatalyst dosage, initial pH, phenol concentration, H2O2 volume, and temperature were investigated. The optimal conditions were as follows: 0.1 g of catalyst, 0.6 mM of hydrogen peroxide, a reaction temperature of 25 °C, an initial pH of 8, an initial phenol concentration of 30 ppm, and a reaction time of 240 minutes. The impact of radical scavengers (such as p-benzonquinone, silver nitrate, EDTA-2Na and propan-2-ol) on degradation efficiency was also studied. For all three oxidation processes, phenol photodegradation could be described by the pseudo-first-order kinetics according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Furthermore, the catalysts could be easily recovered from the reaction solution by centrifugation and reused for five cycles without significant loss of activity. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Farah Guitouni
creator: Ilhem Rekkab-Hammoumraoui
creator: Sanaa El Korso
creator: Mohamed Sassi
creator: Chewki Ziani-Cherif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 191
ending page: 212
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20545

Crystal Phase-Dependence of Ru@TiO2 Catalysts on the Product Selectivity in the Aqueous Phase Hydrogenolysis of Furfuryl Alcohol
type: item
description: The crystal phase-dependence of ruthenium supported on titania (Ru@TiO2) catalysts on the product selectivity in the aqueous phase hydrogenolysis of furfuryl alcohol (FFalc) was investigated. The supported ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs) catalysts on TiO2 with different phases, c.a. rutile (R), anatase (A), and brookite (B) were employed. The Ru@TiO2(R) catalysed the hydrogenation-rearrangement reaction of furan ring to afford cyclopentanone/cyclopentanol (CPO/CPL) as the main product. The presence of high surface acidity in Ru@TiO2(R) catalyst promoted the hydrogenation-rearrangement of furan ring leading to CPO/CPL as the main product as indicated by NH3-TPD and pyridine-ATR-IR results. In contrast, the Ru@TiO2(A) catalyst selectively hydrogenolysed the furan ring to produce 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PeD). This high selectivity of 1,5-PeD over Ru@TiO2(A) catalyst may be affected by the high dispersion of Ru NPs on TiO2 facets as depicted by the high H2-uptake and small particle sizes. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Thea Seventina Desiani Bodoi
creator: Shauqi Aulia Rifwanda
creator: Rodiansono Rodiansono
creator: Atina Sabila Azzahra
creator: Utami Irawati
creator: Ferensa Oemry
creator: Gagus Ketut Sunnardianto
creator: Indri Badri Adilina
creator: Takayoshi Hara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 213
ending page: 225
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20547

Bimetallic Ni–Cu/ZSM-5 Catalysts for Enhanced Phenol and Vanillin Production from Benzyl Phenyl Ether and Lignin
type: item
description: Bio-based phenolic chemicals from lignin represent a sustainable alternative to fossil aromatics. This study examines the catalytic conversion of benzyl phenyl ether (BPE) and compares its reactivity with isolated lignin from raw woody biomass waste (ILWB). Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts were synthesized and modified with bimetallic Ni–Cu and monometallic (Ni⁰ and Cu⁰) species. Catalyst characterization by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area confirmed distinct physicochemical features for each catalyst. Catalytic reactions were conducted in a batch reactor at 100–300 °C for 30 minutes. Products were analyzed by HPLC, identifying phenol and vanillin as key products. The bimetallic Ni–Cu/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited alloy formation, producing a synergistic effect that enhanced catalytic activity. BPE conversion reached 94.29%, with a phenol yield of 32.25% at 250 °C. Additionally, ILWB lignin was readily converted, achieving 75.31% conversion and a vanillin yield of 15.85% at 200 °C. These findings confirm that Ni–Cu-modified hierarchical ZSM-5 demonstrates superior catalytic behavior for the valorization of lignin and its model compound into high-value chemical products. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Arnia Putri Pratama
creator: Iman Abdullah
creator: Yuni Krisyuningsih Krisnandi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
starting page: 226
ending page: 243
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20559

Corrigendum to: A Study on IIIA Group Metals (B or Ga or Tl) Doped Mo2C-HZSM-5 Catalysts for Methane Dehydroaromatization
type: item
description: CORRIGENDUM TO: Pasupulety, N., Alamoudi, M. A., Al-Zahrani, A. A. (2025). A Study on IIIA Group Metals (B or Ga or Tl) Doped Mo2C-HZSM-5 Catalysts for Methane Dehydroaromatization. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 20(4), 631-639. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.20477 This article has been corrected by Authors as follow: Corrections to References cited were done by Authors for improving validity, i.e. [12], [19-20], [22-23], [25-31], [33], [35-38], to the article DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20477. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
creator: Nagaraju Pasupulety
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20643

Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
type: item
description: Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
creator: Istadi Istadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20644

Backmatter (Right Transfer Agreement for Publishing Form)
type: item
description: Backmatter (Right Transfer Agreement for Publishing Form)
creator: Istadi Istadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
volume: 21
number: 1
doi: 10.9767/bcrec.20645