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Synthesis of Magnetic Base Catalyst from Industrial Waste for Transesterification of Palm Oil

1College of Graduate Studies, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

2Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor , Malaysia

3Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Received: 30 Sep 2021; Revised: 18 Nov 2021; Accepted: 18 Nov 2021; Available online: 22 Nov 2021; Published: 30 Mar 2022.
Editor(s): Istadi Istadi, Suresh Sagadevan
Open Access Copyright (c) 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Abstract

Industrial waste is produced in large amounts annually; without proper planning, the waste might cause a serious threat to the environment. Hence, an industrial waste-based heterogeneous magnetic catalyst was synthesized using carbide lime waste (CLW) as raw material for biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oil. The catalyst was successfully synthesized by the one-step impregnation method and calcination at 600 °C. The synthesized catalyst, C-CLW/g-Fe2O3, was characterized by temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The catalyst has a specific surface area of 18.54 m2/g and high basicity of 3,637.20 µmol/g. The catalytic performance shows that the optimum reaction conditions are 6 wt% catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio with the reaction time of 3 h at 60 °C to produce 90.5% biodiesel yield. The catalyst exhibits good catalytic activity and magnetism, indicating that the CLW can be a potential raw material for catalyst preparation and application in the biodiesel industry. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

 

Keywords: Carbide lime waste; Magnetic; Base catalyst; Transesterification; palm oil
Funding: Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) of Malaysia under contract Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2018/STG07/UNITEN/02/3)

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